Without further ado, The 20 Most Popular Types of Sound Effects: 20. Crowd Sound Effects. Unless you're able to get a room full of people to chatter under a microphone for you, you'll need some walla. Don't try and decipher the murmurs- they're usually gibberish anyway. War Sound Effects. Pro Sound Effects® provides world-class sound effects libraries for sound designers, sound editors and media creators. Come explore what we have to offer. Pro Sound Effects® provides world-class sound effects libraries for sound designers, sound editors and media creators. Come explore what we have to offer.
![Type Type](/uploads/1/2/5/0/125060828/706519608.png)
Various acoustic devices in a Greek radio studio
Deep, pulsating digital sound effect
Voice saying 'Ja', followed by the same recording with a massive digital reverb
A blackbird singing, followed by the same recording with the blackbird singing with 5 voices
A sound effect (or audio effect) is an artificially created or enhanced sound, or sound process used to emphasize artistic or other content of films, television shows, live performance, animation, video games, music, or other media. These are normally created with foley. In motion picture and television production, a sound effect is a sound recorded and presented to make a specific storytelling or creative point without the use of dialogue or music. The term often refers to a process applied to a recording, without necessarily referring to the recording itself. In professional motion picture and television production, dialogue, music, and sound effects recordings are treated as separate elements. Dialogue and music recordings are never referred to as sound effects, even though the processes applied to such as reverberation or flanging effects, often are called 'sound effects'.[citation needed]
History[edit]
A live rooster in the Yle recording studio in 1930s Finland
The term sound effect ranges back to the early days of radio. In its Year Book 1931 the BBC published a major article about 'The Use of Sound Effects'. It considers sounds effect deeply linked with broadcasting and states: 'It would be a great mistake to think of them as anologous to punctuation marks and accents in print. They should never be inserted into a programme already existing. The author of a broadcast play or broadcast construction ought to have used Sound Effects as bricks with which to build, treating them as of equal value with speech and music.' It lists six 'totally different primary genres of Sound Effect':
![Free Free](/uploads/1/2/5/0/125060828/149821034.png)
- Realistic, confirmatory effect
- Realistic, evocative effect
- Symbolic, evocative effect
- Conventionalised effect
- Impressionistic effect
- Music as an effect
According to the author, 'It is axiomatic that every Sound Effect, to whatever category it belongs, must register in the listener's mind instantaneously. If it fails to do so its presence could not be justified.'[1]
Film[edit]
In the context of motion pictures and television, sound effects refers to an entire hierarchy of sound elements, whose production encompasses many different disciplines, including:
- Hard sound effects are common sounds that appear on screen, such as door alarms, weapons firing, and cars driving by.
- Background (or BG) sound effects are sounds that do not explicitly synchronize with the picture, but indicate setting to the audience, such as forest sounds, the buzzing of fluorescent lights, and car interiors. The sound of people talking in the background is also considered a 'BG,' but only if the speaker is unintelligible and the language is unrecognizable (this is known as walla). These background noises are also called ambience or atmos ('atmosphere').
- Foley sound effects are sounds that synchronize on screen, and require the expertise of a foley artist to record properly. Footsteps, the movement of hand props (e.g., a tea cup and saucer), and the rustling of cloth are common foley units.
- Design sound effects are sounds that do not normally occur in nature, or are impossible to record in nature. These sounds are used to suggest futuristic technology in a science fiction film, or are used in a musical fashion to create an emotional mood.
Each of these sound effect categories is specialized, with sound editors known as specialists in an area of sound effects (e.g. a 'Car cutter' or 'Guns cutter').
Foley is another method of adding sound effects. Foley is more of a technique for creating sound effects than a type of sound effect, but it is often used for creating the incidental real world sounds that are very specific to what is going on onscreen, such as footsteps. With this technique the action onscreen is essentially recreated to try to match it as closely as possible. If done correctly it is very hard for audiences to tell what sounds were added and what sounds were originally recorded (location sound).
In the early days of film and radio, foley artists would add sounds in realtime or pre-recorded sound effects would be played back from analogue discs in realtime (while watching the picture). Today, with effects held in digital format, it is easy to create any required sequence to be played in any desired timeline.
In the days of silent film, sound effects were added by the operator of a theater organ or photoplayer, both of which also supplied the soundtrack of the film. Theater organ sound effects are usually electric or electro-pneumatic, and activated by a button pressed with the hand or foot.Photoplayer operators activate sound effects either by flipping switches on the machine or pulling 'cow-tail' pull-strings, which hang above. Sounds like bells and drums are made mechanically, sirens and horns electronically. Due to its smaller size, a photoplayer usually has less special effects than a theater organ, or less complex ones.
Video games[edit]
The principles involved with modern video game sound effects (since the introduction of sample playback) are essentially the same as those of motion pictures. Typically a game project requires two jobs to be completed: sounds must be recorded or selected from a library and a sound engine must be programmed so that those sounds can be incorporated into the game's interactive environment.
In earlier computers and video game systems, sound effects were typically produced using sound synthesis. In modern systems, the increases in storage capacity and playback quality has allowed sampled sound to be used. The modern systems also frequently utilize positional audio, often with hardware acceleration, and real-time audio post-processing, which can also be tied to the 3D graphics development. Based on the internal state of the game, multiple different calculations can be made. This will allow for, for example, realistic sound dampening, echoes and doppler effect.
Historically the simplicity of game environments reduced the required number of sounds needed, and thus only one or two people were directly responsible for the sound recording and design. As the video game business has grown and computer sound reproduction quality has increased, however, the team of sound designers dedicated to game projects has likewise grown and the demands placed on them may now approach those of mid-budget motion pictures.
Music[edit]
Some pieces of music use sound effects that are made by a musical instrument or by other means. An early example is the 18th century Toy Symphony. Richard Wagner in the opera Das Rheingold (1869) lets a choir of anvils introduce the scene of the dwarfs who have to work in the mines, similar to the introduction of the dwarfs in the 1937 Disney movie Snow White. Klaus Doldingers soundtrack for the 1981 movie Das Boot includes a title score with a sonar sound to reflect the U-boat setting. John Barry integrated into the title song of Moonraker (1979) a sound representing the beep of a Sputnik like satellite.
Recording[edit]
A man recording the sound of a saw in the 1930s
The most realistic sound effects may originate from original sources; the closest sound to machine-gun fire could be an original recording of actual machine guns.
Despite this, real life and actual practice do not always coincide with theory. When recordings of real life do not sound realistic on playback, Foley and f/x are used to create more convincing sounds. For example, the realistic sound of bacon frying can be the crumpling of cellophane, while rain may be recorded as salt falling on a piece of tinfoil.
Less realistic sound effects are digitally synthesized or sampled and sequenced (the same recording played repeatedly using a sequencer). When the producer or content creator demands high-fidelity sound effects, the sound editor usually must augment his available library with new sound effects recorded in the field.
When the required sound effect is of a small subject, such as scissors cutting, cloth ripping, or footsteps, the sound effect is best recorded in a studio, under controlled conditions. Such small sounds are often delegated to a foley artist and foley editor. Many sound effects cannot be recorded in a studio, such as explosions, gunfire, and automobile or aircraft maneuvers. These effects must be recorded by a sound effects editor or a professional sound effects recordist.
When such 'big' sounds are required, the recordist will begin contacting professionals or technicians in the same way a producer may arrange a crew; if the recordist needs an explosion, he may contact a demolition company to see if any buildings are scheduled to be destroyed with explosives in the near future. If the recordist requires a volley of cannon fire, he may contact historical re-enactors or gun enthusiasts.
Depending on the effect, recordists may use several DAT, hard disk, or Nagra recorders and a large number of microphones. During a cannon- and musket-fire recording session for the 2003 film The Alamo, conducted by Jon Johnson and Charles Maynes, two to three DAT machines were used. One machine was stationed near the cannon itself, so it could record the actual firing. Another was stationed several hundred yards away, below the trajectory of the ball, to record the sound of the cannonball passing by. When the crew recorded musket-fire, a set of microphones were arrayed close to the target (in this case a swine carcass) to record the musket-ball impacts.
A counter-example is the common technique for recording an automobile. For recording 'Onboard' car sounds (which include the car interiors), a three-microphone technique is common. Two microphones record the engine directly: one is taped to the underside of the hood, near the engine block. The second microphone is covered in a wind screen and tightly attached to the rear bumper, within an inch or so of the tail pipe. The third microphone, which is often a stereo microphone, is stationed inside the car to get the car interior.
Having all of these tracks at once gives a sound designer or audio engineer a great deal of control over how he wants the car to sound. In order to make the car more ominous or low, he can mix in more of the tailpipe recording; if he wants the car to sound like it is running full throttle, he can mix in more of the engine recording and reduce the interior perspective. In cartoons, a pencil being dragged down a washboard may be used to simulate the sound of a sputtering engine.
What is considered today to be the first recorded sound effect was of Big Ben striking 10:30, 10:45, and 11:00. It was recorded on a brown wax cylinder by technicians at Edison House in London on July 16, 1890. This recording is currently in the public domain.
Processing effects[edit]
As the car example demonstrates, the ability to make multiple simultaneous recordings of the same subject—through the use of several DAT or multitrack recorders—has made sound recording into a sophisticated craft. The sound effect can be shaped by the sound editor or sound designer, not just for realism, but for emotional effect.
Once the sound effects are recorded or captured, they are usually loaded into a computer integrated with an audio non-linear editing system. This allows a sound editor or sound designer to heavily manipulate a sound to meet his or her needs.
The most common sound design tool is the use of layering to create a new, interesting sound out of two or three old, average sounds. For example, the sound of a bullet impact into a pig carcass may be mixed with the sound of a melon being gouged to add to the 'stickiness' or 'gore' of the effect. If the effect is featured in a close-up, the designer may also add an 'impact sweetener' from his or her library. The sweetener may simply be the sound of a hammer pounding hardwood, equalized so that only the low-end can be heard. The low end gives the three sounds together added weight, so that the audience actually 'feels' the weight of the bullet hit the victim.
If the victim is the villain, and his death is climactic, the sound designer may add reverb to the impact, in order to enhance the dramatic beat. And then, as the victim falls over in slow motion, the sound editor may add the sound of a broom whooshing by a microphone, pitch-shifted down and time-expanded to further emphasize the death. If the film is science-fiction, the designer may phaser the 'whoosh' to give it a more sci-fi feel. (For a list of many sound effects processes available to a sound designer, see the bottom of this article.)
Aesthetics[edit]
When creating sound effects for films, sound recordists and editors do not generally concern themselves with the verisimilitude or accuracy of the sounds they present. The sound of a bullet entering a person from a close distance may sound nothing like the sound designed in the above example, but since very few people are aware of how such a thing actually sounds, the job of designing the effect is mainly an issue of creating a conjectural sound which feeds the audience's expectations while still suspending disbelief.
In the previous example, the phased 'whoosh' of the victim's fall has no analogue in real life experience, but it is emotionally immediate. If a sound editor uses such sounds in the context of emotional climax or a character's subjective experience, they can add to the drama of a situation in a way visuals simply cannot. If a visual effects artist were to do something similar to the 'whooshing fall' example, it would probably look ridiculous or at least excessively melodramatic.
The 'Conjectural Sound' principle applies even to happenstance sounds, such as tires squealing, doorknobs turning or people walking. If the sound editor wants to communicate that a driver is in a hurry to leave, he will cut the sound of tires squealing when the car accelerates from a stop; even if the car is on a dirt road, the effect will work if the audience is dramatically engaged. If a character is afraid of someone on the other side of a door, the turning of the doorknob can take a second or more, and the mechanism of the knob can possess dozens of clicking parts. A skillful Foley artist can make someone walking calmly across the screen seem terrified simply by giving the actor a different gait.
Techniques[edit]
In music and film/television production, typical effects used in recording and amplified performances are:
- echo - to simulate the effect of reverberation in a large hall or cavern, one or several delayed signals are added to the original signal. To be perceived as echo, the delay has to be of order 35 milliseconds or above. Short of actually playing a sound in the desired environment, the effect of echo can be implemented using either analog or digital methods. Analog echo effects are implemented using tape delays and/or spring reverbs. When large numbers of delayed signals are mixed over several seconds, the resulting sound has the effect of being presented in a large room, and it is more commonly called reverberation or reverb for short.
- flanger - to create an unusual sound, a delayed signal is added to the original signal with a continuously variable delay (usually smaller than 10 ms). This effect is now done electronically using DSP, but originally the effect was created by playing the same recording on two synchronized tape players, and then mixing the signals together. As long as the machines were synchronized, the mix would sound more-or-less normal, but if the operator placed his finger on the flange of one of the players (hence 'flanger'), that machine would slow down and its signal would fall out-of-phase with its partner, producing a phasing effect. Once the operator took his finger off, the player would speed up until its tachometer was back in phase with the master, and as this happened, the phasing effect would appear to slide up the frequency spectrum. This phasing up-and-down the register can be performed rhythmically.
- phaser - another way of creating an unusual sound; the signal is split, a portion is filtered with an all-pass filter to produce a phase-shift, and then the unfiltered and filtered signals are mixed. The phaser effect was originally a simpler implementation of the flanger effect since delays were difficult to implement with analog equipment. Phasers are often used to give a 'synthesized' or electronic effect to natural sounds, such as human speech. The voice of C-3PO from Star Wars was created by taking the actor's voice and treating it with a phaser.
- chorus - a delayed signal is added to the original signal with a constant delay. The delay has to be short in order not to be perceived as echo, but above 5 ms to be audible. If the delay is too short, it will destructively interfere with the un-delayed signal and create a flanging effect. Often, the delayed signals will be slightly pitch shifted to more realistically convey the effect of multiple voices.
- equalization - different frequency bands are attenuated or boosted to produce desired spectral characteristics. Moderate use of equalization (often abbreviated as 'EQ') can be used to 'fine-tune' the tone quality of a recording; extreme use of equalization, such as heavily cutting a certain frequency can create more unusual effects.
- filtering - Equalization is a form of filtering. In the general sense, frequency ranges can be emphasized or attenuated using low-pass, high-pass, band-pass or band-stop filters. Band-pass filtering of voice can simulate the effect of a telephone because telephones use band-pass filters.
- overdrive effects such as the use of a fuzz box can be used to produce distorted sounds, such as for imitating robotic voices or to simulate distorted radiotelephone traffic (e.g., the radio chatter between starfighter pilots in the science fiction film Star Wars). The most basic overdrive effect involves clipping the signal when its absolute value exceeds a certain threshold.
- pitch shift - similar to pitch correction, this effect shifts a signal up or down in pitch. For example, a signal may be shifted an octave up or down. This is usually applied to the entire signal, and not to each note separately. One application of pitch shifting is pitch correction. Here a musical signal is tuned to the correct pitch using digital signal processing techniques. This effect is ubiquitous in karaoke machines and is often used to assist pop singers who sing out of tune. It is also used intentionally for aesthetic effect in such pop songs as Cher's 'Believe' and Madonna's 'Die Another Day'.
- time stretching - the opposite of pitch shift, that is, the process of changing the speed of an audio signal without affecting its pitch.
- resonators - emphasize harmonic frequency content on specified frequencies.
- robotic voice effects are used to make an actor's voice sound like a synthesized human voice.
- synthesizer - generate artificially almost any sound by either imitating natural sounds or creating completely new sounds.
- modulation - to change the frequency or amplitude of a carrier signal in relation to a predefined signal. Ring modulation, also known as amplitude modulation, is an effect made famous by Doctor Who's Daleks and commonly used throughout sci-fi.
- compression - the reduction of the dynamic range of a sound to avoid unintentional fluctuation in the dynamics. Level compression is not to be confused with audio data compression, where the amount of data is reduced without affecting the amplitude of the sound it represents.
- 3D audio effects - place sounds outside the stereo basis
- reverse echo - a swelling effect created by reversing an audio signal and recording echo and/or delay whilst the signal runs in reverse. When played back forward the last echos are heard before the effected sound creating a rush like swell preceding and during playback.[2]
References[edit]
- ^The BBC Year Book 1931, p. 194ff.
- ^Jimmy Page of Led Zeppelin used this effect in the bridge of Whole Lotta Love.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sound effects. |
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sound_effect&oldid=891944366'
This is a list of names for observable phenomena that contain the word effect, amplified by reference(s) to their respective fields of study.
A[edit]
- Abscopal effect (cancer treatments) (immune system) (medical treatments) (radiation therapy)
- Accelerator effect (economics)
- Accordion effect (physics) (waves)
- Acousto-optic effect (nonlinear optics) (waves)
- Additive genetic effects (genetics)
- Aharonov–Bohm effect (quantum mechanics)
- Al Jazeera effect (Al Jazeera) (media issues)
- Alienation effect (acting techniques) (Bertolt Brecht theories and techniques) (film theory) (metafictional techniques) (theatre)
- Allais effect (fringe physics)
- Allee effect (biology)
- Ambiguity effect (cognitive biases)
- Anrep effect (cardiology) (medicine)
- Antenna effect (digital electronics) (electronic design automation)
- Anti-greenhouse effect (atmospheric dynamics) (atmospheric science) (astronomy) (planetary atmospheres)
- Askaryan effect (particle physics)
- Asymmetric blade effect (aerodynamics)
- Audience effect (psychology) (social psychology)
- Auger effect (atomic physics) (foundational quantum physics)
- Aureole effect (atmospheric optical phenomena) (scientific terminology)
- Autler–Townes effect (atomic, molecular, and optical physics) (atomic physics) (quantum optics)
- Autokinetic effect (vision)
- Avalanche effect (cryptography)
- Averch–Johnson effect (economics)
B[edit]
- Balassa–Samuelson effect (economics)
- Baldwin effect (evolutionary biology) (selection)
- Balloon-carried light effect (balloons) (culture) (entertainment)
- Bambi effect (hunting) (psychology stubs)
- Bandwagon effect (cognitive biases) (crowd psychology) (economics effects) (metaphors) (propaganda techniques)
- Bank effect (marine propulsion) (nautical terms) (water)
- Barkhausen effect (condensed matter) (magnetism)
- Barnett effect (condensed matter) (magnetism)
- Baskerville effect (cardiology)
- Bauschinger effect (classical mechanics) (materials science)
- Beaujolais effect (Ada programming language)
- Ben Franklin effect (emotion) (psychology)
- Bernoulli effect (equations) (fluid dynamics) (wind power)
- Beta-silicon effect (physical organic chemistry)
- Bezold effect (optical illusions) (psychological theories)
- Bezold–Brücke effect (optical illusions)
- Biefeld–Brown effect (physical phenomena) (propulsion)
- Big-fish–little-pond effect (educational psychology)( (pedagogy)
- Birthday-number effect (psychology)
- Black drop effect (astronomical transits)
- Blazhko effect (astronomy)
- Blocking effect (psychology)
- Bloom (shader effect) (3D computer graphics) (demo effects)
- Bohr effect (hematology) (hemoproteins) (respiratory physiology)
- Boomerang effect (psychology) (social psychology) (psychology)
- Bouba/kiki effect (cognitive science)
- Bowditch effect (medicine)
- Bradley effect (American political terms) (elections in the United States) (political history of the United States) (political neologisms) (politics and race) (polling) (psephology) (racism)
- Bridgman effect (electricity) (electromagnetism)
- Brookings effect (atmospheric science) (Curry County, Oregon) (Oregon coast) (Oregon geography) (winds)
- Brown Willy effect (geography of Cornwall) (mesoscale meteorology)
- Bruce effect (reproduction)
- Bullwhip effect (distribution, retailing, and wholesaling)
- Butterfly effect (chaos theory) (physical phenomena) (stability theory)
- Bystander effect (crowd psychology) (social phenomena)
- Bystander effect (radiobiology) (radiobiology)
C[edit]
- Calendar effect (behavioral finance) (economics and finance) (market trends)
- Callendar effect (atmospheric science) (climate) (climate change)
- Captodative effect (organic chemistry)
- Capture effect (broadcast engineering) (radio) (radio communications/) (telecommunications) (wireless communications)
- Carnoustie effect (golf) (golf terminology)
- Carryover effect (cooking techniques) (food and drink)
- Cascade effect (spaceflight)
- Casimir effect (quantum field theory) (physical phenomena)
- Castle thunder (sound effect) (in-jokes) (sound effects)
- Catapult effect (electromagnetism)
- Catch-up effect (economics effects)
- Catfish effect (human resource management) (management) (organizational studies and human resource management) (social psychology)
- Ceiling effect (medical treatment) (statistics)
- Channel capture effect (ethernet) (network topology)
- Cheerio effect (fluid mechanics) (physics)
- Cherenkov effect (experimental particle physics) (fundamental physics concepts) (particle physics) (special relativity)
- Chilling effect (law) (censorship) (freedom of expression) (American legal terms)
- Chorus effect (audio effects) (audio engineering) (effects units) (sound recording)
- Christiansen effect (optical filters)
- Christofilos effect (particle physics)
- Cinderella effect (child abuse)
- Cis effect (inorganic chemistry)
- Clientele effect (economics) (finance)
- Cluster effect (economics effects)
- CNN effect (civil–military relations) (CNN) (news media) (warfare of the modern era)
- Coandă effect (aerodynamics) (boundary layers) (physical phenomena)
- Coattail effect (political terms)
- Cocktail party effect (acoustical signal processing) (attention)
- Common-ion effect (ions) (physical chemistry)
- Compton effect (astrophysics) (atomic physics) (foundational quantum physics) (observational astronomy) (quantum electrodynamics) (X-rays)
- Contrast effect (cognition) (cognitive biases) (perception) (vision)
- Coolidge effect (jokes) (sexual attraction)
- Coriolis effect (atmospheric dynamics) (classical mechanics) (force) (physical phenomena) (urban legends)
- Cotton effect (atomic, molecular, and optical physics) (polarization)
- Cotton–Mouton effect (magnetism) (optics)
- Crabtree effect (biochemistry)
- Cross-race effect (face recognition)
- CSI effect (criminal law) (criminology) (CSI television series) (psychology) (television terminology)
- Cupertino effect (computers) (spell checking)
- Cytopathic effect (microbiology terms)
D[edit]
- De Haas–van Alphen effect (condensed matter) (magnetism) (quantum physics)
- (de Sitter effect: see) Geodetic effect (general relativity)
- Decoy effect (consumer behavior) (decision theory) (economic theories) (finance theory) (marketing)
- Delay (audio effect) (audio effects) (effects units) (musical techniques)
- Dellinger effect (radio communications)
- Dember effect (electrical phenomena) (physics)
- Demo effect (demoscene)
- Demonstration effect (human behavior) (sociological terms)
- Denomination effect (behavioral economics)
- Diderot effect (anthropology) (consumer behaviour)
- Ding Hai effect (economy of Hong Kong) (Hong Kong culture)
- Direct effect (European Union law)
- Disposal tax effect (economics and finance) (finance) (taxation)
- Disposition effect (economics and finance)
- Dole effect (climatology) (oxygen) (paleoclimatology) (photosynthesis)
- Domino effect (physic) (politics)
- Doppler effect (Doppler effects) (radio frequency propagation) (wave mechanics)
- Downing effect (psychology)
- Droste effect (artistic techniques)
- Dunning–Kruger effect (personality) (social psychology)
E[edit]
- Eagle effect (antibiotic resistance) (pharmacology)
- Early effect (transistors)
- Eberhard effect (science of photography)
- Edge effect (ecological succession) (ecology)
- Edison effect (atomic physics) (electricity) (Thomas Edison) (vacuum tubes)
- Efimov effect (physics)
- Einstein effect (disambiguation), several different effects in physics
- Einstein–de Haas effect (science)
- Electro-optic effect (nonlinear optics)
- Electrocaloric effect (cooling technology) (heat pumps)
- Electron-cloud effect (particle accelerators) (physics)
- Electroviscous effects (colloid chemistry) (surface chemistry)
- ELIZA effect (artificial intelligence) (human–computer interaction) (propositional fallacies)
- Embedding effect (environmental economics)
- EMC effect (particle physics)
- Emerson effect (photosynthesis)
- Endowment effect (behavioral finance) (cognitive biases) (psychological theories)
- Enhanced Permeability and Retention effect (medicine)
- Eötvös effect (geodesy) (topography)
- Epps effect (econometrics) (statistical terminology) (statistics)
- Espresso crema effect (earth phenomena) (geology)
- Ettinghausen effect (condensed matter) (electrodynamics) (thermodynamics)
- Evershed effect (physics) (solar phenomena)
- Exciter (effect) (audio effects) (effects units)
F[edit]
- Fahraeus–Lindquist effect (blood) (fluid dynamics) (molecular and cellular biology)
- False consensus effect (cognitive biases) (futurology) (group processes) (psychological theories) (sustainability)
- Faraday effect (magnetism) (optics)
- Ferroelectric effect (condensed matter physics) (electrical phenomena)
- Fink effect (anesthesia) (diffusion)
- Flaming sword (effect) (fire arts) (special effects)
- Floating body effect (electronics) (semiconductors)
- Floodgate effect (social phenomena) (sociology)
- Floor effect (statistics)
- Florence Nightingale effect (Florence Nightingale) (love) (psychology)
- Flutie effect (student sport)
- Flux pinning (Physics)
- Flynn effect (futurology) (intelligence) (psychological theories) (psychometrics) (race and intelligence controversy)
- Focusing effect (cognitive biases)
- Forbush effect (cosmic rays) (solar phenomena)
- Forer effect (cognitive biases) (history of astrology) (psychological theories)
- Founder effect (ecology) (population genetics)
- Fractional quantum Hall effect (physics)
- Franssen effect (acoustics) (sound perception)
- Franz–Keldysh effect (condensed matter) (electronic engineering) (electronics) (optics) (optoelectronics)
- Free surface effect (fluid mechanics)
- Front projection effect (film production)
- Fujiwhara effect (tropical cyclone meteorology) (vortices)
- Full screen effect (computer graphics) (demo effects)
G[edit]
- Garshelis effect (electric and magnetic fields in matter) (magnetism) (physics)
- Gauche effect (stereochemistry)
- Generation effect (cognitive biases) (memory biases) (psychological theories)
- Geodetic effect (general relativity)
- Gerschenkron effect (economic development) (economic systems) (economics and finance) (econometrics) (index numbers) (national accounts)r
- Giant magnetoresistive effect (condensed matter physics) (electric and magnetic fields in matter) (quantum electronics) (spintronics)
- Gibbons–Hawking effect (general relativity)
- Gibbs–Donnan effect (biology) (physics)
- Gibbs–Thomson effect (petrology) (thermodynamics)
- Glass house effect (culture) (surveillance)
- Glasser effect (physics)
- Goos–Hänchen effect (optical phenomena)
- Great Salt Lake effect (natural history of Utah)
- Green-beard effect (evolution) (evolutionary biology) (game theory) (selection)
- Greenhouse effect (atmosphere) (atmospheric radiation) (climate change feedbacks and causes) (climate forcing)
- Ground effect (aircraft) (aerodynamics)
- Ground effect (cars) (aerodynamics) (motorsport terminology)
- Gull effect (diodes) (microwave technology) (physics) (terahertz technology)
H[edit]
- Haas effect (audio engineering) (sound) (speakers)
- Haldane effect (hematology) (hemoproteins) (protein)
- Hall effect (condensed matter physics) (electric and magnetic fields in matter)
- Hall of mirrors effect (computer graphic artifacts) (Doom) (id software) (video game glitches)
- Halo effect (cognitive biases) (educational psychology) (logical fallacies) (social psychology)
- Hanbury Brown and Twiss effect (quantum optics)
- Harem effect (harem) (human sexuality) (sex) (sexual orientation and identity) (sexual orientation and society)
- Hawthorne effect (educational psychology) (psychological theories) (social phenomena)
- Health effect (health) (health effectors) (pollution)
- Holtzman effect (Dune technology) (physics in fiction)
- Horizon effect (artificial intelligence) (game artificial intelligence)
- Hostile media effect (cognitive biases) (criticism of journalism) (journalism standards) (psychological theories)
- Hot chocolate effect (acoustics) (physics) (wave mechanics)
- Hundredth monkey effect (behavioral science) (New Age) (urban legends)
- Hydrophobic effect (chemical bonding) (supramolecular chemistry)
- Hyperchromic effect (biochemistry)
- Hypersonic effect (acoustics) (hearing) (psychology) (ultrasound)
I[edit]
- Imbert–Fedorov effect (optical phenomena)
- In-camera effect (filming) (special effects)
- Incidental effect (European Union law)
- Indirect effect (European Union law)
- Inductive effect (chemical bonding)
- Inert pair effect (atomic physics) (inorganic chemistry) (quantum chemistry)
- inertial supercharging effect (automobile) (engine technology)
- Inner-platform effect (anti-patterns)
- International Fisher effect (economics and finance) (finance theories) (interest rates)
- Inverse Doppler effect (Doppler effects) (wave mechanics)
- Inverse Faraday effect (electric and magnetic fields in matter) (optical phenomena)
J[edit]
- Jack-in-the-box effect (military) (military slang and jargon) (tanks)
- Jahn–Teller effect (condensed matter physics) (inorganic chemistry) (organometallic chemistry) (quantum chemistry)
- January effect (behavioral finance) (economics and finance) (market trends) (stock market)
- Janus effect (effects) (sociology)
- Johnsen–Rahbek effect (classical mechanics) (electrical engineering)
- Joule–Thomson effect (thermodynamics)
- Josephson effect (condensed matter physics) (sensors) (superconductivity)
- Jupiter effect (astronomy) (science book)
K[edit]
- Kadenacy effect (automobile parts) (engine technology)
- Kapitsa–Dirac effect (physics)
- Kappa effect (geography) (psychology)
- Kate Middleton effect (celebrity) (fashion)
- Kautsky effect (fluorescence)
- Kaye effect (fluid dynamics)
- Ken Burns effect (film techniques)
- Kendall effect (telecommunications)
- Kerr effect (nonlinear optics)
- Keynes effect (economics and finance) (Keynesian economics)
- Keystone effect (technology)
- Kinetic depth effect (perception)
- Kinetic isotope effect (chemical kinetics) (physical organic chemistry)
- Kirkendall effect (chemistry) (metallurgy)
- Klein–Nishina effect (quantum field theory)
- Knife-edge effect (radio frequency propagation)
- Kohn effect (physics)
- Kondo effect (condensed matter physics) (electric and magnetic fields in matter) (physical phenomena)
- Kozai effect (astronomy) (celestial mechanics)
- Kuleshov effect (cinema of Russia) (cognitive biases) (film editing) (film techniques) (psychological theories)
L[edit]
- Lake effect (snow or ice weather phenomena)
- Lake Wobegon effect (cognitive biases) (psychological theories) (social psychology)
- Landau–Pomeranchuk–Migdal effect (high-energy physics)
- Larsen effect (audio feedback)
- Late effect (disease)
- Lawn dart effect (psychology)
- Lazarus effect (particle detectors)
- LCD memory effect (display technology)
- Lead–lag effect (control theory) (economics and finance)
- Leakage effect (tourism)
- Learning effect (economics) (economics) (economics terminology)
- Lee–Boot effect (biology) (reproduction)
- Legalized abortion and crime effect (abortion debate) (criminology)
- Leidenfrost effect (physical phenomena)
- Lenard effect (physics)
- Lense–Thirring effect (effects of gravitation) (tests of general relativity)
- Leveling effect (chemistry)
- Levels-of-processing effect (educational psychology) (psychology) (psychological theories)
- Liquid Sky (effect) (lasers) (stage lighting)
- Little–Parks effect (condensed matter physics)
- Lockin effect (physics)
- Lombard effect (phonetics) (human voice) (animal communication) (human communication) (noise pollution)
- Lotus effect (nanotechnology)
- Low-frequency effects (film sound production) (technology)
- Lubbert's effect (medicine) (radiography) (radiology)
- Lunar effect (moon myths) (pseudoscience)
- Luxemburg–Gorky effect (radio communication) (radio spectrum)
- The Laidlaw effect; The curse of Tom Laidlaw. Many people in the world would class themselves as lucky, getting the rub of green with things always falling their way. The Laidlaw effect is the opposite, when you invest money into something and it fails, epically. Whether that be backing all the wrong horses on race day or being solely responsible for crashing bitcoin worth within days, after investing.
M[edit]
- (Mach effect: see) Woodward effect (spacecraft propulsion)
- Magnetic isotope effect (physics)
- Magneto-optic effect (electric and magnetic fields in matter) (optical phenomena)
- Magneto-optic Kerr effect (condensed matter physics) (electric and magnetic fields in matter) (optical phenomena)
- magnetocaloric effect (physical phenomena) (electric and magnetic fields in matter) (thermodynamics)
- Magnus effect (fluid dynamics)
- Malmquist effect (astronomy)
- Malter effect (physics)
- Mandela effect (psychology) (paranormal)
- Marangoni effect (fluid dynamics) (fluid mechanics) (physical phenomena)
- Marchywka effect (electrochemistry) (ultraviolet sensor production)
- Mark Twain effect (economics and finance) (stock market)
- Martha Mitchell effect (psychological theories) (psychosis)
- Massenerhebung effect (trees)
- Maternal age effect (developmental biology)
- Maternal effect (developmental biology)
- Matthew effect (education) (education)
- Matilda effect (Research)
- Matthew effect (sociology) (adages) (social phenomena) (sociology of scientific knowledge)
- McClintock effect (menstruation)
- McCollough effect (optical illusions)
- McGurk effect (auditory illusions) (perception) (psychological theories)
- Meissner effect (levitation) (magnetism) (superconductivity)
- Meitner–Hupfeld effect (particle physics)
- Mellanby effect (health) (alcohol intoxication)
- Memory effect (electric batteries)
- Mesomeric effect (chemical bonding)
- Microwave auditory effect (cognitive neuroscience) (espionage) (hearing) (human psychology) (less-lethal weapons) (mind control) (sound)
- Mid-domain effect (macroecology) (biogeography) (biodiversity)
- Mikheyev–Smirnov–Wolfenstein effect (particle physics)
- Milky seas effect (aquatic biology) (biological oceanography) (bioluminescence)
- Miller effect (electrical engineering) (electronics terms)
- Miniature effect (film and video technology) (film techniques) (scale modeling) (scientific modeling) (special effects) (visual effects)
- Misinformation effect (cognitive biases) (psychological theories)
- Missing letter effect (perception) (psychometrics)
- Misznay–Schardin effect (explosives)
- Mohring effect (microeconomics) (transportation)
- Mössbauer effect (condensed matter physics) (nuclear physics) (physical phenomena)
- Mozart effect (education psychology) (popular psychology) (psychological theories) (Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart)
- Mpemba effect (phase changes) (physical paradoxes) (thermodynamics)
- Mullins effect (rubber properties)
- Multiple-effect humidification (drinking water) (water supply) (water treatment)
- Munroe effect (explosive weapons) (explosives)
N[edit]
- Name-letter effect (psychology)
- Negative (positive) contrast effect (psychology)
- Negativity effect (cognitive biases) (psychological theories)
- Neglected firm effect (business analysis)
- Nernst effect (electrodynamics) (thermodynamics)
- Network effect (business models) (economics effects) (information technology) (monopoly [economics]) (networks) (transport economics)
- Non-thermal microwave effect (chemical kinetics)
- Nordtvedt effect (astronomy) (astrophysics) (effects of gravitation) (relativity) (theoretical physics)
- Novaya Zemlya effect (arctic) (atmospheric optical phenomena) (atmospheric science) (Novaya Zemlya) (solar phenomena)
- Novelty effect (learning) (psychology)
- Nuclear Overhauser effect (chemical physics) (nuclear magnetic resonance) (physical chemistry) (spectroscopy)
- Numerosity adaptation effect (cognitive science) (optical illusions) (perception)
- Nut Island effect (human resource management) (organizational studies and human resource management)
O[edit]
- Oberth effect (physics)
- Observer effect (information technology) (computer programming)
- Observer effect (physics) (physics)
- Observer-expectancy effect (cognitive biases) (cognitive psychology)
- Occlusion effect (biology) (otology)
- Octave effect (effects units)
- Okorokov effect (physics)
- Oligodynamic effect (biology and pharmacology of chemical elements)
- Olivera–Tanzi effect (taxation)
- Online disinhibition effect (Internet culture) (psychology)
- Onnes effect (condensed matter physics) (fluid mechanics) (helium)
- Opposition effect (astronomy) (optical phenomena) (observational astronomy) (radiometry) (scattering, absorption and radiative transfer [optics])
- Osborne effect (marketing)
- Ostrich effect (adages)
- Ouzo effect (Colloidal chemistry) (Chemical mixtures) (Condensed matter physics) (Soft matter) (Fluid dynamics)
- Overconfidence effect (cognitive biases) (psychological theories)
- Overjustification effect (educational psychology) (psychological theories) (psychology)
- Overview effect (spaceflight) (transcendence) (psychology)
P[edit]
- Pandemonium effect (gamma spectroscopy)
- Partner effects (economics) (sociology)
- Paschen–Back effect (atomic physics) (atomic, molecular, and optical physics) (magnetism)
- Pasteur effect (beer and brewery) (biochemistry) (fermentation) (metabolism)
- Paternal effect – see: maternal effect (developmental biology)
- Pauli effect (experimental physics) (parapsychology) (psychokinesis)
- Payne effect (rubber properties)
- Pearson–Anson effect (electronics)
- Peltier–Seebeck effect (thermoelectric effect) (electricity) (HVAC) (physical phenomena) (thermodynamics)
- Peltzman effect (economics of regulation) (University of Chicago)
- Penn effect (economics effects)
- Petkau effect (radiobiology)
- Phaser (effect) (audio effects) (effects units)
- Phillips effect (employment) (inflation)
- Photoacoustic Doppler effect (Doppler effects) (radar signal processing) (radio frequency propagation) (wave mechanics)
- Photoelectric effect (Albert Einstein) (electrical phenomena) (foundational quantum physics)
- Photorefractive effect (nonlinear optics)
- Photothermal effect (particle physics) (photochemistry) (physics)
- Picture superiority effect (cognitive biases) (educational psychology) (memory biases) (psychological theories)
- Piezoresistive effect (electrical phenomena)
- Pigou effect (economics effects)
- Pioneer effect (astrodynamics) (pioneer program)
- Placebo effect (bioethics) (clinical research) (experimental design) (history of medicine) (Latin medical phrases) (Latin words and phrases) (medical ethics) (medical terms) (medicinal chemistry) (mind–body interventions) (pharmacology) (psychological theories) (research methods) (theories)
- Plasma effect (demo effects)
- Plateau effect (systems science) (metaphors referring to places)
- Pockels effect (cryptography) (nonlinear optics) (polarization)
- Polar effect (physical organic chemistry)
- Polar effect (genetics) (genetics)
- Pontoon effect (naval architecture)
- Portevin–Le Chatelier effect (engineering) (materials science)
- Position-effect variegation (genetics)
- Positivity effect (aging) (cognition) (cognitive biases) (memory) (memory biases) (psychological theories) (psychology)
- Poynting effect (gases)
- Poynting–Robertson effect (celestial mechanics)
- Practical effect (special effects)
- Pratfall effect (psychology)
- Precedence effect (acoustics) (sound perception)
- Primakoff effect (particle physics)
- Priority effect (ecology)
- Probe effect (software development philosophies) (system administration)
- Proximity effect (atomic physics) (nuclear physics) (physics)
- Proximity effect (audio) (acoustics)
- Proximity effect (electromagnetism) (electrical engineering)
- Proximity effect (electron beam lithography) (condensed matter physics)
- Proximity effect (superconductivity) (superconductivity)
- Pulfrich effect (3D imaging) (optical illusions)
- Purkinje effect (optical illusions) (perception) (vision)
- Pygmalion effect (cognitive biases)
Q[edit]
- QMR effect (electric and magnetic fields in matter) (magnetism) (optics) (optical phenomena)
- Quantum confined stark effect (quantum mechanics)
- Quantum Hall effect (Hall effect) (condensed matter physics) (quantum electronics) (spintronics)
- Quantum Zeno effect (quantum measurement)
R[edit]
- Raman effect (physics)
- Ramp effect (drug addiction) (drug rehabilitation)
- Ramsauer–Townsend effect (physical phenomena) (scattering)
- Ransom note effect (typography)
- Rashomon effect (psychology)
- Ratchet effect (game theory)
- Rear projection effect (special effects)
- Rebound effect (medical sign)
- Rebound effect (conservation) (economics paradoxes) (energy) (energy conservation)
- Red-eye effect (science of photography)
- Relativistic Doppler effect (Doppler effects) (special relativity)
- Renner–Teller effect (molecular physics)
- Reverse Cerenkov effect (physics)
- Reverse short-channel effect (transistors)
- Ringelmann effect (social psychology)
- Ripple effect (education) (sociology)
- Robin Hood effect (income distribution) (Robin Hood) (socioeconomics) (taxation)
- Roe effect (abortion debate) (abortion in the United States)
- Root effect (fish) (hemoproteins) (respiratory physiology)
- Rope trick effect (nuclear weapons)
- Rossiter–McLaughlin effect (Doppler effects) (extrasolar planets) (spectroscopy) (star systems)
- Rusty bolt effect (radio electronics)
S[edit]
- Sabattier effect (solarization) (photographic processes) (science of photography)
- Sachs–Wolfe effect (astronomy) (physical cosmology)
- Sagnac effect (optics) (relativity)
- Sailing Ship Effect (business) (economics)
- Samba effect (Brazil) (economy of Brazil) (history of Brazil)
- Sandbox effect (Internet technology) (search engine optimization)
- Scharnhorst effect (quantum field theory)
- Schottky effect (diodes)
- Schwinger effect (particle physics) (hypothetical processes) (quantum electrodynamics)
- Screen-door effect (display technology) (technology)
- Second gas effect (anesthesia)
- Second-system effect (software development)
- Seeliger effect (astronomy) (observational astronomy)
- Serial position effect (cognitive biases) (psychological theories) (psychologicy)
- Shaft effect (motorcycle)
- Shapiro effect (effects of gravitation)
- Shielding effect (atomic, molecular, and optical physics) (atomic physics) (chemistry) (quantum chemistry)
- Shower-curtain effect (fluid dynamics)
- Shubnikov–de Haas effect (science)
- Side effect (computer science) (computer programming)
- Side effect (disambiguation)
- Signor–Lipps effect (extinction) (fossils) (paleontology)
- Silk screen effect (technology)
- Silo effect (management) (systems theory)
- Simon effect (psychology)
- Simpson's paradox aka Yule–Simpson effect (probability) (statistics)
- Skin effect (electronics)
- Slashdot effect (denial-of-service attacks)(Internet terminology) (Slashdot)
- Sleeper effect (social psychology)
- Smith–Purcell effect (physics) (quantum optics)
- Snackwell effect (consumer behaviour) (psychology)
- Snob effect (consumer theory) (economics and finance)
- Snowball effect (language) (metaphors)
- Somogyi effect (diabetes)
- Sound effect (film techniques) (sound effects) (sound production) (special effects)
- Southwest effect, The (airline terminology) (Southwest Airlines)
- Sow's ear effect (economics and finance) (economics effects)
- Spacing effect (cognitive biases) (educational psychology) (psychological theories)
- Special effect (animation) (special effects)
- Spin Hall effect (condensed matter physics) (Hall effect) (physics) (spintronics)
- Spoiler effect (psephology) (voting theory)
- Stark effect (atomic physics) (foundational quantum physics) (physical phenomena)
- Stars (shader effect) (3D computer graphics) (computer graphics) (demo effects)
- Status effect (video game gameplay)
- Stewart–Tolman effect (electrodynamics)
- Stock sound effect (film and video technology) (film and video terminology) (film terminology)
- Storage effect (demography) (population ecology)
- Streisand effect (dynamic lists) (eponyms) (slang)
- Stroop effect (perception) (psychological tests)
- Steric effect (chemical kinetics) (chemical reactions) (collision theory) (molecular geometry) (stereochemistry)
- Subadditivity effect (cognitive biases)
- Subject-expectancy effect (cognitive biases)
- Sunyaev–Zel'dovich effect (physical cosmology) (radio astronomy)
- SVG filter effect (computer graphics) (computer graphics techniques) (image processing) (Scalable Vector Graphics)
- Szilard–Chalmers effect (nuclear chemistry)
T[edit]
- Tamagotchi effect (psychology)
- Tanada effect (botany)
- Telescoping effect (memory biases) (psychology)
- Testing effect (educational psychology) (memory)
- Tetris effect (memory) (Tetris)
- Thatcher effect (vision)
- Therapeutic effect (medical treatment) (pharmacology)
- Thermal flywheel effect (heat) (thermodynamics)
- Thermal Hall effect (condensed matter) (Hall effect) (superconductivity)
- Third-person effect (media studies)
- Thorpe–Ingold effect (chemical kinetics) (organic chemistry)
- Threshold effect (particle physics) (physics) (renormalization group)
- Tinkerbell effect (sociology)
- Tocqueville effect (sociology)
- Training effect (cardiovascular system) (exercise physiology) (medicine) (respiratory system) (sports terminology)
- Trans effect (coordination chemistry)
- Transformer effect (electrodynamics)
- Transverse flow effect (aerodynamics)
- Trench effect (fire)
- Triboelectric effect (electrical phenomena) (electricity)
- Trickle-down effect (marketing)
- Twisted nematic field effect (display technology) (liquid crystal displays) (liquid crystals)
- Twomey effect (air pollution) (atmospheric radiation) (clouds, fog and precipitation)
- Tyndall effect (physical phenomena) (scattering)
U[edit]
- Umov effect (astronomy) (observational astronomy) (planetary science)
- Unruh effect (quantum field theory) (thermodynamics)
- Urban heat island effect (climate change feedbacks and causes) (climate forcing)
V[edit]
- Vandenbergh effect (biology)
- Vaporific effect (fire)
- Veblen effect (consumer theory) (goods)
- Venturi effect (fluid dynamics)
- Venus effect (artistic techniques) (cognitive science) (film techniques) (mirrors) (psychology)
- Visual effects (computer generated imagery)
- Voigt effect (magnetism) (optics)
- Von Restorff effect (cognitive biases) (psychological theories)
- Vroman effect (molecular and cellular biology)
W[edit]
- Wagon-wheel effect (optical illusion)
- Wahlund effect (evolution) (population genetics)
- Walker effect (illusions of self-motion) (spatial misconception)
- Walkman effect (computing and society) (technology)
- Wallace effect (evolutionary biology) (speciation)
- Warburg effect (biochemistry) (oncology) (photosynthesis)
- Wealth effect (economics and finance) (wealth)
- Weapons effect (gun politics)
- Weathervane effect (aviation terminology)
- Weissenberg effect (physics)
- Westermarck effect (psychology) (incest)
- Wet floor effect (computer graphic techniques) (computer graphics) (Web 2.0)
- Whitten effect (menstruation)
- Wien effect (electrochemistry)
- Wigner effect (condensed matter physics) (nuclear technology) (physical phenomena) (radiation effects)
- Wilson effect (astronomy) (Sun)
- Wilson–Bappu effect (physics)
- Wimbledon effect (economic theories) (economy of Japan) (economy of London)
- Windkessel effect (physiology)
- Withgott effect (linguistics) (phonetics)
- Wolf effect (scattering) (spectroscopy)
- Wolff–Chaikoff effect (iodine) (medicine)
- Woodward effect (spacecraft propulsion)
- Woozle effect (psychology) (scientific method) (sociology)
- Word superiority effect (cognitive science)
- Worse-than-average effect (cognitive biases) (psychological theories) (social psychology)
X[edit]
- Xenia effect (agriculture) (genetics)
Y[edit]
- Yarkovsky effect (celestial mechanics)
- Yarkovsky–O'Keefe–Radzievskii–Paddack effect (celestial mechanics)
- Yule–Simpson effect (probability) (statistics)
Z[edit]
- Zeeman effect (atomic physics) (foundational quantum physics) (magnetism) (physical phenomena)
- Zeigarnik effect (cognitive biases) (educational psychology) (learning) (psychological theories)
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